John Henry Newman wrote the Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864) in seven weeks, under deadline, to answer a charge that he did not care for truth. Charles Kingsley had suggested as much in a review; Newman replied by narrating the entire history of his religious opinions, and produced one of the great autobiographies in English — a book that reconstructs the movement of a mind rather than the events of a life, and that turned English public opinion around. He had led the Oxford Movement, which sought to recover the Church of England's Catholic inheritance, until Tract 90 argued that the Thirty-Nine Articles could be read in a Catholic sense and made his position untenable. He converted to Rome in 1845, losing his Oxford fellowship and most of his friends. The Idea of a University (1852) is still the standard defence of a liberal education pursued for its own ends. Leo XIII made him a cardinal in 1879. Francis canonized him in 2019.