The 100 best books about faith and spirituality

No. 11 on this list. Tartuffe · Molière · 1669

Taught in schools: Hungarian literature curriculum (magyar nyelv és irodalom) (Hungary)

Included in: Great Books of the Western World

Tartuffe is required reading in French literature, comparative literature, and theater history courses at virtually every major university. It is among the most-performed French plays internationally and appears on nearly all canonical drama reading lists alongside Racine and Corneille. The play has been in continuous repertoire since 1669 and is central to any study of Western comedy.

No. 12 on this list. Mahabharata · Vyasa · c. 400 BCE

At roughly 1.8 million words, the Mahabharata is the longest poem ever composed, and it earns its length: a dynastic war becomes the scaffold for a complete philosophy of duty, cosmic law, and the impossibility of righteous action in a fallen world. The Bhagavad Gita is embedded within it as a single episode, which gives some measure of its ambition.

No. 13 on this list. The Idiot · Fyodor Dostoevsky · 1869

Taught in schools: Russian FGOS literature standard

Included in: Bokklubben World Library

Prince Myshkin steps off a train into St. Petersburg after four years in a Swiss sanatorium, cured of his epilepsy but carrying no money, no connections, and a disposition so transparently good that everyone around him assumes he is simple. He is not simple. He sees directly into people — their vanity, their suffering, their better selves — and says so without calculation, which the society he enters reads as idiocy. Within days he is entangled with two women: Nastasya Filippovna, a celebrated beauty who has been kept and ruined by a wealthy patron and who tears through every room she enters, and Aglaya Epanchina, young and proud and surrounded by suitors. Both fall in love with him. He loves both. He cannot save either. Dostoevsky set out to portray a 'positively beautiful man' and then placed him in conditions designed to break such a man apart. The question the novel drives toward — whether goodness has any purchase on the world, whether beauty can save or only destroy — is never answered. What accumulates instead is a portrait of Russian society in the 1860s: the new money, the decayed gentry, the radical youths, the drawing rooms where everyone performs and no one is seen. Myshkin alone refuses to perform, which makes him simultaneously the novel's moral center and its most helpless figure. The final scene — two men sitting in darkness beside a dead woman — is among the most harrowing endings in 19th-century fiction.

No. 14 on this list. The Faerie Queene · Edmund Spenser · 1590

The Faerie Queene appears in virtually every English Renaissance literature syllabus globally and is one of the most taught long poems in university English departments worldwide. It anchors the canon between Chaucer and Milton and is central to every history of the English literary tradition. Absence from the Open Syllabus database reflects data gaps, not actual classroom presence.

No. 15 on this list. Peer Gynt · Henrik Ibsen · 1867

Peer Gynt is a cornerstone of the Scandinavian theatrical canon and is regularly staged worldwide, from the National Theatre to major European opera houses. Edvard Grieg's 1876 incidental music gave the work cultural reach extending far beyond theatre audiences. It appears on world drama syllabi internationally and is central to any survey of 19th-century European literature.

No. 16 on this list. Long Day's Journey into Night · Eugene O'Neill · 1956

O'Neill dramatized his own family — the morphine-addicted mother, the alcoholic father, the doomed brother — with such lacerating honesty that he ordered the play sealed until twenty-five years after his death. The result is the most autobiographically raw masterpiece in American theater, a four-act cycle of blame and forgiveness that never grants its characters the relief of a resolution.

No. 17 on this list. The Complete Stories · Flannery O'Connor · 1972

O'Connor occupies the highest tier of 20th-century American short fiction, regularly anthologized alongside Hemingway, Faulkner, and Chekhov. 'A Good Man Is Hard to Find' appears in virtually every American literature survey. The Complete Stories (1971) won the National Book Award posthumously, cementing her stature. Her work defines Southern Gothic and theological fiction, studied in literature programs worldwide as essential American modernism.

No. 18 on this list. Kokoro · Natsume Sōseki · 1914

Included in: UNESCO Collection of Representative Works

Kokoro is universally regarded as the supreme masterpiece of modern Japanese literature and one of the most important novels of the twentieth century in any language. It is the single most commonly assigned novel in Japanese high schools and universities, and appears on literature syllabi worldwide. It has been continuously in print since 1914 and has been translated into dozens of languages. It is a permanent fixture of every serious list of world literature, from the Penguin Classics and Oxford World Classics catalogs to Harold Bloom's discussions of global literary achievement.

No. 19 on this list. Journey to the West · Wu Cheng'en · 1592

Wu Cheng'en sent a Buddhist monk and his three supernatural companions on a westward pilgrimage through eighty-one trials, creating the great picaresque of Chinese literature — a work that fuses slapstick comedy, Daoist and Buddhist allegory, and some of the most inventive monster-fights in world fiction. The Monkey King, Sun Wukong, became the most recognizable trickster figure in East Asian culture.

No. 20 on this list. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame · Victor Hugo · 1831

Among Hugo most famous novels. Sparked Gothic Revival and cathedral preservation movement.

No. 21 on this list. The Threepenny Opera · Bertolt Brecht · 1928

Die Dreigroschenoper premiered in Berlin on August 28, 1928, and became one of the most performed plays of the 20th century, with productions on every inhabited continent. It is core curriculum in theatre studies, German literature, European modernism, and political theory courses worldwide. No syllabus data appears in the database, but the play's canonical standing is among the highest in 20th-century drama.

No. 22 on this list. The Scarlet Letter · Nathaniel Hawthorne · 1850

Taught in schools: Common Core text exemplars (Appendix B) (US), CSEC English B – Caribbean Examinations Council

Appears on 1,893 university syllabi (Open Syllabus, 81.9th percentile), a fixture of American literature courses and AP high school curricula across the United States. Wikipedia articles exist in 38 languages, and the work has continuous presence in American literary education since its 1850 publication.

No. 23 on this list. A Good Man Is Hard to Find · Flannery O'Connor · 1955

One of the most important short story collections in American literature. The title story alone is among the most widely taught and analyzed works of American fiction.

No. 24 on this list. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe · C.S. Lewis · 1950

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is taught in elementary and middle schools worldwide and is considered essential children's literature. It appears on countless reading lists and is often children's introduction to fantasy literature. The Narnia series is foundational to understanding modern fantasy and children's fiction.

No. 25 on this list. The Bhagavad Gita · Vyasa · c. 200 BCE

The Gita—a 700-verse dialogue between the warrior prince Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna, who is an avatar of God—is embedded within the Mahabharata but has been read as a standalone scripture for centuries. On the eve of a catastrophic battle, Arjuna sees his kinsmen arrayed on both sides and refuses to fight. Krishna's response unfolds the central teachings of Hindu philosophy: karma yoga (the path of selfless action), bhakti yoga (the path of devotion), and jnana yoga (the path of knowledge). Krishna argues that Arjuna must act—not because the outcome matters but because action without attachment to results is the nature of dharma. The Gita's synthesis of duty and detachment, action and renunciation, has made it the most widely read scripture in Hinduism and one of the most influential philosophical texts in world literature. Gandhi called it his 'eternal mother'; Oppenheimer quoted it upon witnessing the first nuclear explosion. Its teachings on duty, selflessness, and the nature of consciousness continue to resonate across cultures and centuries.

No. 26 on this list. King James Bible · Anonymous

The King James Bible is the most widely distributed text in Western civilization and the single most influential book in the English literary tradition. The Book of Job appears on virtually every humanities syllabus touching religion, philosophy, or literature, and has been central to theology, literary study, and philosophical discourse for two millennia. Milton, Blake, Keats, Tennyson, Dostoevsky, Kafka, and Toni Morrison have all engaged directly with Job; the 1611 KJV translation shaped English prose style for four centuries.

No. 27 on this list. Three Tales · Gustave Flaubert · 1877

"A Simple Heart" is one of the most anthologized short stories in world literature and appears across university syllabi in French literature and world literature courses. The collection as a whole is standard reading in 19th-century realism curricula globally. No scraped syllabus data was returned, but the collection's presence in major anthologies and its continuous critical attention over 140 years place it firmly in the high-canonical range.

No. 28 on this list. Measure for Measure · William Shakespeare · 1604

Taught in schools: AQA GCSE and A-level English Literature (UK), WJEC/Eduqas GCSE and A-level English Literature (UK)

Included in: Great Books of the Western World

Measure for Measure appears on university syllabi across English literature, drama, law, and gender studies courses worldwide. It is one of Shakespeare's most-taught 'problem plays,' central to any serious study of his canon, with Wikipedia articles in dozens of languages. Less ubiquitous than Hamlet or Macbeth, but firmly within the core Shakespeare curriculum.

No. 29 on this list. The Tempest · William Shakespeare · 1611

Taught in schools: Pearson Edexcel GCSE and A-level English Literature (UK), UNAM Escuela Nacional Preparatoria – programas de Literatura (Mexico), WJEC/Eduqas GCSE and A-level English Literature (UK)

Included in: Great Books of the Western World

Prospero's island stages Shakespeare's final reckoning with his own art—the magician who conjures storms, manipulates lovers, and then drowns his book. Caliban's "Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises" is the most haunting speech given to a character the play calls a monster.

No. 30 on this list. The Wild Duck · Henrik Ibsen · 1884

Taught in schools: Hungarian literature curriculum (magyar nyelv és irodalom) (Hungary)

Included in: Great Books of the Western World

The Wild Duck is a cornerstone of the Western dramatic canon, taught in virtually every university drama program and included in all standard collections of world theater. Though the database returns no syllabus count, Ibsen is the most taught non-English-language playwright in English-speaking universities, and this play—alongside Hedda Gabler and A Doll's House—appears on every major drama syllabus. It is consistently ranked among Ibsen's finest works and among the ten most important plays of the nineteenth century.